MODULE 1 QUNTITATIVE RESEARCH AND RESEARCH PROJECT

PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2

MODULE 1

NAME________________________ SECTION_____________________

PREFACE

Dear Students:

This module is good for two weeks. A lot of you are scared of Research. People say it is difficult. Every day we ask questions, what to wear or what to do to earn money. Inquiry is part of our life. Research is simply inquiring what you want to know in life. For my EIM students, do you ever ask how you can save electricity to save money? If you asked people of their practices on energy consumption that is already research. For my ICT students do you ever asked yourself if you could use your knowledge you learned from your major subjects to your career path, if you are interested in your career path and of your classmates that is already a research question.

MARILOU MENDOZA-------

MODULE 1 (GOOD FOR TWO WEEKS)

Objective

1. Define research

2. Describes characteristics, strengths, weaknesses, and kinds of quantitative research

3. illustrates the importance of quantitative research across fields

1. WHAT IS RESEARCH and its Parts

Research is systematic, it has parts and stages: First is the Research Proposal which contains the 1.Title Page, 2. Introduction, 3. Research Question or Statement of the Problem (with questionnaire), 4. Methodology, 5 References, this is Chapter 1 then if your proposal is approved you will proceed to Chapter 2 which is collection of Data, 6.Tabulation and the 7.Interpretation of Data, finally the 8.Analysis and 9. Conclusion, 10 References. When the Research is done an 11. Abstract is created.

Research is defined as the creation of new knowledge and/or the use of existing knowledge in a new and creative way so as to generate new concepts, methodologies and understandings. This could include synthesis and analysis of previous research to the extent that it leads to new and creative outcomes. (https://www.westernsydney.edu.au/research/researchers/preparing_a_grant_application/dest_definition_of_research)

ACTIVITY 1 : WRITE YOUR FAVORITE TOPIC, QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS THAT YOU WANT TO SOLVE.

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Quantitative Research

It refers to the systematic empirical investigation of social phenomena via statistical, mathematical or numerical data or computational techniques. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantitative_research)

Its main characteristics are:

• The data is usually gathered using structured research instruments.

• The results are based on larger sample sizes that are representative of the population.

• The research study can usually be replicated or repeated, given its high reliability.

• The researcher has a clearly defined research question to which objective answers are sought.

• All aspects of the study are carefully designed before data is collected.

• Data are in the form of numbers and statistics, often arranged in tables, charts, figures, or other non-textual forms.

• Project can be used to generalize concepts more widely, predict future results, or investigate causal relationships.

• The researcher uses tools, such as questionnaires or computer software, to collect numerical data.

KINDS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH ( taken from website of Question Pro)

1.Survey Research:

Survey Research is the most fundamental tool for all quantitative outcome research methodologies and studies. Surveys used to ask questions to a sample of respondents, using various types such as online polls, online surveys, paper questionnaires, web-intercept surveys, etc. Every small and big organization intends to understand what their customers think about their products and services, how well are new features faring in the market and other such details.

By conducting survey research, an organization can ask multiple survey questions, collect data from a pool of customers, and analyze this collected data to produce numerical results. It is the first step towards collecting data for any research.

This type of research can be conducted with a specific target audience group and also can be conducted across multiple groups along with comparative analysis. A prerequisite for this type of research is that the sample of respondents must have randomly selected members. This way, a researcher can easily maintain the accuracy of the obtained results as a huge variety of respondents will be addressed using random selection. Traditionally, survey research was conducted face-to-face or via phone calls but with the progress made by online mediums such as email or social media, survey research has spread to online mediums as well.

Traditionally, survey research was conducted face-to-face or via phone calls but with the progress made by online mediums such as email or social media, survey research has spread to online mediums as well.

There are two types of surveys, either of which can be chosen based on the time in-hand and the kind of data required:

2.Cross-sectional surveys: Cross-sectional surveys are observational surveys conducted in situations where the researcher intends to collect data from a sample of the target population at a given point in time. Researchers can evaluate various variables at a particular time. Data gathered using this type of survey is from people who depict similarity in all variables except the variables which are considered for research. Throughout the survey, this one variable will stay constant.

· Cross-sectional surveys are popular with retail, SMEs, healthcare industries. Information is garnered without modifying any parameters in the variable ecosystem.

· Using a cross-sectional survey research method, multiple samples can be analyzed and compared.

· Multiple variables can be evaluated using this type of survey research.

· The only disadvantage of cross-sectional surveys is that the cause-effect relationship of variables cannot be established as it usually evaluates variables at a particular time and not across a continuous time frame.

3.Longitudinal surveys: Longitudinal surveys are also observational surveys but, unlike cross-sectional surveys, longitudinal surveys are conducted across various time durations to observe a change in respondent behavior and thought-processes. This time can be days, months, years, or even decades. For instance, a researcher planning to analyze the change in buying habits of teenagers over 5 years will conduct longitudinal surveys.

· In cross-sectional surveys, the same variables were evaluated at a given point in time, and in longitudinal surveys, different variables can be analyzed at different intervals of time.

· Longitudinal surveys are extensively used in the field of medicine and applied sciences. Apart from these two fields, they are also used to observe a change in the market trend, analyze customer satisfaction, or gain feedback on products/services.

· In situations where the sequence of events is highly essential, longitudinal surveys are used.

· Researchers say that when there are research subjects that need to be thoroughly inspected before concluding, they rely on longitudinal surveys.

4.Correlational research:

A comparison between two entities is invariable. Correlation research is conducted to establish a relationship between two closely-knit entities and how one impacts the other and what are the changes that are eventually observed. This research method is carried out to give value to naturally occurring relationships, and a minimum of two different groups are required to conduct this quantitative research method successfully. Without assuming various aspects, a relationship between two groups or entities must be established.

Researchers use this quantitative research design to correlate two or more variables using mathematical analysis methods. Patterns, relationships, and trends between variables are concluded as they exist in their original set up. The impact of one of these variables on the other is observed along with how it changes the relationship between the two variables. Researchers tend to manipulate one of the variables to attain the desired results.

Ideally, it is advised not to make conclusions merely based on correlational research. This is because it is not mandatory that if two variables are in sync that they are interrelated.

Example of Correlational Research Questions:

· The relationship between stress and depression. The equation between fame and money. The relation between activities in a third-grade class and its students.

5.Causal-comparative research:

This research method mainly depends on the factor of comparison. Also called quasi-experimental research, this quantitative research method is used by researchers to conclude the cause-effect equation between two or more variables, where one variable is dependent on the other independent variable. The independent variable is established but not manipulated, and its impact on the dependent variable is observed. These variables or groups must be formed as they exist in the natural set up. As the dependent and independent variables will always exist in a group, it is advised that the conclusions are carefully established by keeping all the factors in mind.

Causal-comparative research is not restricted to the statistical analysis of two variables but extends to analyzing how various variables or groups change under the influence of the same changes. This research is conducted irrespective of the type of relation that exists between two or more variables. Statistical analysis is used to distinctly present the outcome obtained using this quantitative research method.

Example of Causal-Comparative Research Questions:

· The impact of drugs on a teenager. The effect of good education on a freshman. The effect of substantial food provision in the villages of Africa.

6.Experimental research:

Also known as true experimentation, this research method is reliant on a theory. Experimental research, as the name suggests, is usually based on one or more theories. This theory has not been proven in the past and is merely a supposition. In experimental research, an analysis is done around proving or disproving the statement. This research method is used in natural sciences. Traditional research methods are more effective than modern techniques. (https://www.questionpro.com/blog/quantitative-research/)

Evaluation 2 : TRUE OR FALSE. WRITE TRUE IF THE STATEMENT IS CORRECT AND FALSE IF THE STATEMENT IS NOT CORRECT.

1. Surveys used to ask questions to a sample of respondents, using various types such as online polls, online surveys, paper questionnaires, web-intercept surveys, etc.____________________

2. Research is systematic._____________________

3. In experimental research, proven theories is a good research topic.______________

4. In Quantitative research any question can be asked without preparation before data is collected.__________________________________________________

5. In cross-sectional survey research method, multiple samples can be analyzed and compared. ___________________________________________________________________

6. In longitudinal surveys, different variables can be analyzed at different intervals of time.__________

7. “The Relationship between Stress and Depression” is an example of causal comparative research. ___________________________________

8. An example of Causal-Comparative Research is “Effect of Television to Behavior of Kids.”___________________________

9. In conducting survey research, an organization can ask multiple survey questions, collect data from a pool of customers, and analyze this collected data to produce numerical results________________

10. Questionnaires are important in survey___________________

TEST 2

NAME THE11 PARTS/STAGES OF RESEARCH

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2

SUMMATIVE EXAM

NAME________________________ SECTION_____________________

TEST 1 ENUMERATION

1-6. Name six kind of research ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

7-14 Name the characteristics of qualitative Research ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Define Research (3pts) __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Define Quantitative Research (3pts)

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

TEST 2 TRUE OR FALSE. WRITE TRUE IF THE STATEMENT IS CORRECT AND FALSE IF THE STATEMENT IS NOT CORRECT.

1. Research refers to the systematic empirical investigation of social phenomena via statistical, mathematical or numerical data or computational techniques.____________

2. Research is a systematic inquiry._________________

3. Quantitative Research does not use statistics and numbers._____________

4.In Quantitative Research all aspects of the study are carefully designed before data is collected ___________________

5. Questionnaires are not important in survey___________________

6. Surveys can be done online._______________________

7. Survey can be in a form of an interview.______________

8.Research is always in a form of a survey.__________________

9. Surveys used to ask questions to a sample of respondents, using various types such as online polls, online surveys, paper questionnaires, web-intercept surveys, etc.____________________

10. A survey on practices of people on energy consumption that is already research. ___________________

PREPARED BY

MARILOU MENDOZA

CHECKED BY

JANICE CASAS